Academic Decathlon - Super Quiz: Detail View

The enumerated rights of the Bill of Rights applied to the federal government alone; state governments under the Bill of Rights did not necessarily have to uphold the same principles.

26)

Who composed the bulk of the National Assembly?

Educated commoners, such as lawyers and merchants

27)

How many years after the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen was the Bill of Rights ratified?

Two

28)

True/False: the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen abolished the French monarchy.

False; the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen limited the power of the French monarchy but did not abolish it.

29)

What characterized the cities in which Protestants and Jews could worship openly prior to the Revolution?

They were isolated and often religiously homogenous.

30)

In what two years during the French Revolution was there also a revolt in Saint-Domingue?

1790 and 1791

31)

What sparked a revolt in Saint-Domingue during the early part of the French Revolution?

The Revolution's failure to extend the rights of the Declaration of Man and Citizen to slaves and people of African origin living in the colony

32)

What characterized the religious policy of National Assembly during the early years of the Revolution?

Clergy were expected to be loyal to the National Assembly rather than the Pope.

33)

What foreign event during the early years of the Revolution proved detrimental to French economic stability?

The revolt in Saint-Domingue

34)

After 1792, what characterized the Revolution's foreign policy?

War with France's neighbors

35)

What fueled the wars that France fought with its neighbors during the Revolution?

Other monarchs' fears that the Revolution would spread

36)

What was the effect of the National Assembly's religious policy regarding Catholics in France?

It caused them to turn against the Revolution despite their social class.

37)

In what year did the Revolution radicalize?

1794

38)

What two factors contributed to the radicalization of the Revolution?

Chaos from the war and domestic rebellion from those opposed to the Revolution

39)

What happened to the king and queen of France after the radicalization of the Revolution?

They were executed after being tried for treason.

40)

During what two years did the Terror occur?

1793 and 1794

41)

What was the Revolution's religious policy after radicalization?

The creation of a new religion

42)

Who guided the policy of the Revolution during the Terror?

Maximilien Robespierre

43)

Towards the end of the Terror, why did revolutionaries begin to denounce and execute one another?

They suspected one another of being too moderate.

44)

How was the status of the bourgeoisie influenced by the radicalization of the Revolution?

While the status of the wealthy middle class was protected during the early stages of the Revolution, the leaders of the radicalized Revolution became more intent on ending all forms of social inequality.

45)

What three measures did the leaders of the Revolution take after radicalization to end social inequality?

Abolished slavery, ended property qualifications for voting, and capped prices on certain commodities

46)

Why did many French people eventually begin to tire of the Revolution?

They were weary of the increasing violence.

47)

What early 19th-century independence movements were sparked by the French Revolution?

Those in Latin America and Greece

48)

Who assumed power in France in 1799?

Napoleon Bonaparte

49)

How many years did Napoleon Bonaparte reign?

15

50)

In what period of history did the French Estate system originate?

The Middle Ages

51)

Who is the author of the article "The Structure of Eighteenth-Century French Society"?

Jeremy Popkin

52)

Prior to the Revolution, what was the name of France's highest court of law?

The Parlement de Paris

53)

In a 1776 ruling, what was the high court's objection to a reform proposal that would have taken away the privileges of many corporate groups in France?

The judges stated that individuals should not be isolated and wholly independent.

54)

What was the name of the fundamental groups that organized French society prior to the Revolution?

Estates

55)

According to Jeremy Popkin, what was the most fundamental social unit in the 18th century?

The family

56)

In the 18th century, to what was the king's relationship to his citizens frequently compared?

That of a father to his children

57)

For most of the population of 18th-century France, what was the chief purpose of the family?

To serve as an economic unit

58)

To what social class did Charles-Alexandre de Calonne belong?

The nobility

59)

True/False: Prior to the Revolution, French society took relatively good care of orphans and widows.

False; orphans and widows unable to move in with relatives were frequently destined for dire poverty.

60)

In France prior to the Revolution, what happened to single men who did not have a fixed residence?

They were closely monitored by the authorities.

61)

In France prior to the Revolution, why were authorities concerned with single men who did not have permanent homes?

They viewed them as potential criminals.

62)

True/False: Prior to the Revolution, all peasants in France lived in dire poverty.

False; while some French peasants were very poor, others were relatively prosperous.

63)

According to Jeremy Popkin, to what could the term "bourgeoisie" refer in 18th -century France?

A variety of social conditions—sometimes town-dwellers in general, sometimes the wealthier population of a town

64)

Before the Revolution, what system characterized the relationship of French peasants to French nobility?

The feudal system

65)

True/False: In France prior to the Revolution, peasants could sell or eat all of their crops after paying taxes.

False; under the feudal system, peasants had to turn over a portion of their crops to the nobility.

66)

In France under the Old Regime, to whom would urban artisans often send newborn babies?

Rural wet nurses

67)

In France under the Old Regime, why would urban artisans often send away newborn children?

To allow the mothers of the babies to work, instead of having to nurse the children

68)

In the peasant families of 18th-century France, who contributed to the household income?

Husbands, wives, and children

69)

In 18th-century France, what were lettres de cachet?

Arbitrary arrest warrants

70)

According to Jeremy Popkin, what important non-economic consideration held together 18th-century French families?

The family name and honor

71)

Why would heads of families in 18th-century France often solicit lettres de cachet?

To punish relatives whose behavior threatened their family's honor

72)

In what decade did the Diamond Necklace scandal occur?

The 1780s

73)

How did the Diamond Necklace scandal worsen the reputation of the French royal family?

It involved rumors that Marie Antoinette had committed adultery.

74)

What was the name of Louis XVI's wife?

Marie Antoinette

75)

Which social classes in 18th-century France were particularly influenced by the social ideas promoted by Jean-Jacques Rousseau?

The wealthy bourgeoisie and aristocrats

76)

According to Jeremy Popkin, what behaviors were emphasized in Jean-Jacques Rousseau's model of good family relationships?

Affection between husbands and wives and motherly devotion towards raising children (as opposed to working)

77)

True/False: Emotionally close families were fairly common among the wealthy classes.

False; even among the wealthier classes, most families were not characterized by deep emotional ties.

78)

According to Jeremy Popkin, what was the most important consideration for marriages among members of the wealthier classes of 18th-century France?

To keep a family's wealth together and to maintain its social status

79)

In marriages in 18th-century France, which partner was favored under French law?

The husband

80)

What was a relatively socially acceptable means for the aristocracy to mitigate loveless marriages in 18th-century France?

Having extramarital affairs

81)

About what percentage of the population of 18th-century France resided in rural peasant villages?

0.75

82)

What was the range of populations of rural peasant villages in 18th-century France?

500 to 2,000 people

83)

What were the occupations of Jean-Jacques Rousseau?

A philosopher and a writer

84)

What was the occupation of the curé in 18th-century French peasant villages?

The village priest

85)

Besides farming, what other trades were sustainable in 18th-century French peasant villages?

Only priesthood; peasants had to walk to the nearest town to find craftsmen, lawyers, doctors, and government officials

86)

In 18th-century France, how did farmers decide when to plant crops and when to harvest?

The decision was made by the village as a community.

87)

What was the occupation of Restif de la Bretonne?

A writer

88)

What was the center of community life in 18th-century French peasant villages?

The church

89)

For what functions were communally owned lands used in 18th-century French peasant villages?

To preserve forests needed for firewood and to pasture livestock

90)

Who tended to dominate the communities formed in 18th -century peasant villages?

Wealthier peasants

91)

To whom did the term coqs du village refer in 18th-century France?

The wealthier peasants in a village

92)

To whom did the term seigneur refer in 18th-century France?

The lord of a feudal estate

93)

To whom would a seigneur often lease his estate?

Wealthy peasants in a nearby village

94)

In 18th-century France, how would peasants who did not own their own draft animals plow their fields?

By renting draft animals from wealthier peasants

95)

What was the occupation of Restif de la Bretonne's father?

A wealthy peasant farmer

96)

In Restif de la Bretonne's family, who was responsible for "humbler tasks" such as caring for livestock?

Women and hired workers

97)

In Restif de la Bretonne's childhood home, who frequently judged village disputes?

Restif de la Bretonne's father

98)

In what part of France was Restif de la Bretonne raised?

Burgundy

99)

How were Restif de la Bretonne and his siblings able to escape the ranks of the peasantry?

Restif's father financed part of their education.

100)

True/False: In 18th-century France, most poor peasants had enough property to live at the subsistence level.

False; most poor peasants in 18th-century France did not have enough property to sustain themselves and were forced to supplement their income by doing other work.

101)

According to Jeremy Popkin, approximately what fraction of the population of 18th-century France was homeless during "harder times"?

One fifth to one seventh

102)

In 18th-century France, how did masons from the Limousin region supplement their incomes?

They migrated to Paris for part of the year to work on construction projects.

103)

With what manufacturing tasks did many poor 18th-century peasants supplement their incomes?

Spinning and weaving

104)

How do modern historians evaluate the condition of 18th-century French peasants as compared with that of other peasants in continental Europe?

Historians recognize that 18th-century French peasants were better off than peasants elsewhere in Europe at the time.

105)

Besides doing manufacturing tasks, in what three ways did 18th-century French peasants supplement the income they earned from their own farms?

By working as day laborers for wealthier peasants, migrating to other regions of the country to do work, or working as share-croppers for urban property owners

106)

True/False: Peasants in 18th-century France were relatively satisfied with their living conditions.

False; 18th-century French peasants were painfully aware of the luxury enjoyed by the clergy, aristocracy, and bourgeoisie at their expense.

107)

About what percentage of the population of 18th-century France lived in cities?

0.25

108)

In 18th-century France, how were tradesmen organized?

Into guilds

109)

According to Jeremy Popkin, what was a common meeting place for women living in 18th-century French cities?

The marketplace

110)

What was a common meeting place for men living in 18th -century French cities?

Cabarets, or drinking bars

111)

What was the occupation of Jacques-Louis Ménétra?

A glazier

112)

What did most young Parisian artisans do before entering an apprenticeship?

They underwent some formal education.

113)

According to Jeremy Popkin, why did Jacques-Louis Ménétra become a glazier?

His father and several relatives were also glaziers.

114)

What did Jacques-Louis Ménétra do after spending several years as an apprentice glazier in Paris?

He went on a tour of France.

115)

In 18th-century France, what was a compagnonnage?

A journeyman's brotherhood

116)

In his years wandering France, how did Jacques-Louis Ménétra find living accommodations and employment?

Ménétra's compagnonnage provided shelter for him in its hostels and integrated him into the local economy.

117)

According to Jeremy Popkin, who composed the privileged echelon of urban working society?

Master craftsmen (such as Jacques-Louis Ménétra)

118)

Approximately what percentage of the population of 18th-century Paris was composed of beggars, prostitutes, and criminals?

10% to 20%

119)

What gender were most street vendors in 18th-century French cities?

Female

120)

What three factors limited the number of masters in 18th-century French guilds?

Government regulations, guild rules, and scarce capital

121)

Under what circumstances could the wives of master artisans run a shop in 18th-century France?

If they survived their husbands

122)

According to Jeremy Popkin, which female professions were organized into guilds in 18th-century France?

Only a few female professionals, such as seamstresses, were organized into guilds.

123)

According to post-mortem inventories, what were the possessions of most members of the urban poor in 18th-century France?

A few utensils, some furniture, and perhaps a mirror

124)

In addition to helping their husbands with work, what were two common duties of master artisans' wives in 18th-century France?

Managing money and providing food and shelter for their own families as well as journeymen and apprentices living with their husbands

125)

True/False: Some women traveled through France in a manner similar to that of Jacques-Louis Ménétra.

False; women never were permitted to go on the journeyman's tour de France.

126)

According to Jeremy Popkin, what was the eventual fate of most journeymen in 18th-century France?

A lifetime of service under another master; few journeymen became master craftsmen

127)

In 18th-century France, what was a rentier?

A member of the bourgeoisie who did not have to work but instead was sustained by his property and investments

128)

According to Jeremy Popkin, what was the occupation of a plurality of the bourgeoisie?

Merchants

129)

What two groups of urban workers are often collectively termed the "petty bourgeoisie"?

Master artisans and merchants

130)

According to Jeremy Popkin, how did the numbers of the working poor compare with those of beggars, prostitutes, and criminals in 18th-century French cities?

There were more of the working poor than there were beggars, prostitutes, and criminals.

131)

According to Jeremy Popkin, how did the living conditions of the bourgeoisie differ from that of the urban nobility?

Though the bourgeoisie could accumulate wealth to equal that of the nobility, they lacked a legal guarantee of their lifestyle.

132)

From what social class were many of the clergy in 18th-century French cities?

The bourgeoisie

133)

In terms of prestige, how did the doctors of 18th-century French cities compare with the lawyers?

Lawyers were more prestigious than doctors.

134)

How did the literacy levels of bourgeoisie children compare with that of their noble counterparts?

Bourgeoisie children achieved almost universal literacy slightly before their noble counterparts.

135)

What sorts of living arrangements were common among bourgeoisie families in 18th-century France?

Houses or apartments with several rooms and more furniture

136)

How did the education of the female children of the bourgeoisie compare with that of the male children?

Both the sons and daughters of the bourgeoisie were literate and educated; however, female children received less education than their male counterparts.

137)

How did the career prospects of bourgeoisie women compare with that of bourgeoisie men?

Bourgeoisie men could enter educated professions, which were closed to women, but wives of merchants could perform duties similar to those of the wives of artisans.

138)

Why were members of the bourgeoisie class in 18th-century class interested in the financial state of the monarchy?

Prosperous bourgeoisie invested in royal bonds.

139)

How did some 18th-century bourgeoisie use their wealth to ascend into the ranks of the nobility?

They bought government offices that eventually gave them titles.

140)

What was the origin of the 18th-century French nobility?

An ancient warrior class

141)

To what did the term noblesse d'épée refer in 18th-century France?

"nobles of the sword," or militarily inclined members of the nobility