Viewing All Flashcards for Genetics 3000
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1)
The evolution along a single lineage or branch of the phylogenetic tree
2)
Evolution caused due to speciation for branching of the phylogenetic tree
A measurable unit that is being studied
4)
An ancesteral character state. it is shared between the outgroup and at one or more of the ingroups
5)
A character state that has changed from the ancestoral form.it is not shared/present in the out group
An ancestoral character state
7)
A derived character state
A shared derived character state
An unique character state
10)
A species group that includes the ancestors and all their descendents
11)
A species group that includes the most recent common ancestor and its descendents
12)
A species complex that does not incude the last common ancestor
13)
A species that is not similar to the ingroups being studied and is used as a reference to identify the evolutionary relationships between 3 or more monophyletic groups.
The data that is gathered shows two different incongruous cladograms or trees. The phylogenies clash and oppose each other. They are not harmonious or the same.
15)
Extinction that happens suddenly and on a mass scale and is quantitative
A continuous form of extinction that keeps happening on a small scale and is qualitative
17)
A spike in the irridium concentration in the layers of sediment around the cretaceous extinction when an asteriod hit the earth.
18)
A taxa whose organisms have already been dated using radioactive dating and is used a way to detect the age of fossils
Two or more groups that are related but widely separated from each other geographically
20)
Under parsimony, the preferred phylogenetic tree is the tree that requires the least evolutionary change to explain some observed data.
21)
The state of being unique to a certain geographic locationex: anteaters
22)
Evolved in presently occupied regionex: tree sloth.. to slow to migrate anywhere
23)
Present as a consequence of dispersalex: N and S american rabbits... drifted north to south
24)
Causes expansion of range (ex: migration)3 events needed for to uproot inhabitants
History of fragmentation of habitat of widespread species should reflect/mirror the phylogenetic relationship of the speciesex: isthumus of panama cause the formation of the gulf and atlantic shrimp.florida pan handle- separates horse shoe crab, oysters,sea bass.
Different parts of the land-surface of the globe are inhabited by different kinds of animals, or, in other words, by different faunas. These differences, in many cases at any rate, are not due to differences of temperature or of climate; and they do not depend on the distance of one place from another. Based upon the different fauna that live in the different areas thought to be the result of the splitting of Pangea
27)
The evolution of 2 or more species specifically and reciprocally in relation to one another.ex: host-parasite (humans and gut bacteria)predator- prey (antelopes and cheetahs)mutalism (poliinator and flowers)competitive interactions (darwin's finches)
Acquisition of the same biological trait in unrelated lineages.ex: flying insects, birds and bats.
29)
The ability of genes to change position on chromosomes, a process in which a transposable element is removed from one site and inserted into a second site in the DNA
Transposable elements or transpoons are sequences of DNA that can move around the the genome and cause activation, inhibiton, rearrangement and mutations of chromosomes.
31)
The conversion of 1 allele form to another through some molecular mechanism.
32)
Genes in different species that originated by vertical descent from a single gene of the last common ancestor
33)
Genes that arose from genome duplication not inheritacne
34)
Dysfunctional relatives of genes that have lost their protein-coding ability or are otherwise no longer expressed in the cel
The change in behavior based upon learned information
36)
Evolution at the species level
37)
Evolution at the population level
Evolution characterized by long periods of evolutionary stasis followed by short periods of morphological change
Model of evolution which theorizes that most speciation is slow, uniform and gradual. this is what Darwin believed.
He transfer of DNA between individuals from two populations, or groups of populations, that are distinguishable on the basis of one or more heritable characters via hybridization followed by repeated backcrossing between hybrid and parental individuals
ex:North American Oaks, Grasshoppers, Gorillas, chimps, humans (Introgressive hybridization giving rise to a reticulate, rather than a simply dichotomous, relationship among humans, chimps, and gorillas), Domestic dogs (with gray wolves), hares, Breadfruit, Chocolate, Dutch elm disease, Leather, Culex pipiens, anopheles
41)
Geographical region in which natural hybridization occurs
ex: cricket song hybrid zone had hybrid song
The transfer of genes and thus the phenotype of an adaptive trait through viral recombination, lateral gene transfer, or introgressive hybridization, recombination between divergent lineages, environment-dependent and –independent selection leading to mosaic genomes
ex: annual sunflower
A species formed through hybridization between members of evolutionary lineages with strongly differentiated genomes followed by chromosomal doubling, tripling
ex: daphnia, cotton, yeast
The evolution of ecological and phenotypic diversity within a rapidly multiplying lineage.
ex: darwin's finches
45)
Rises for the mating within the same lineage
46)
Chromosome number stays close the the number of the 2 mating parents ex: 2n= 14 and 2n= 16offspring will be between 14 to 16
47)
Polyploidy resulting from the mating of 2 separate evolutionary lineages.
Sharing of ancesteral polymorphisms)/Retention of ancestral polymorphism and reticulate events (caused by introgressive hybridization and lateral gene transfers)
ex: senecio plant, deer skin
49)
Exchange of genetic information between the individuals of a species or 2 species
Obust tests for the presence of ongoing genetic exchange are made possible through examinations of genetic or phenotypic variation and habitat X genotype associations within hybrid zones, especially if made across generations
51)
The exchange of genetic information between 2 populations
Zones that resemble a patchwork quilt with alternating populations containing one or the other of the parental species and others containing parentals and hybrids
53)
Complex results from the combination of agamospermy(seeds develop on the maternal plant without fertilization) and clonal microspecies hybridization-taraxacum-dandelion genus
54)
The development of the seed on the monter plant without being fertilized
55)
Mode of asexual reproduction in which an ancestral genome from the maternal line is transmitted to the egg without recombination while paternally derived chromosomes are discarded but replaced in each generation through fertilization by sperm from a related sexual species
56)
Reproduction in which the female’s nuclear genome is transmitted intact to the egg, which then develops into an offspring genetically identical to the mother.
ex: daphnia
Unisexual propagation via eggs is periodically interrupted by a bisexual phase-daphnia are do this where they sometimes produce eggs that have to be fertilized
58)
Incomplete reproductive isolation, resulting in regionally dominant hybrid clones and introgression.
59)
A taxonomic group in which several to many species have diversified from a single common ancestor in a geographically restricted area, often over an evolutionarily short period of time
States that when two species hybridize one of the genders/sex will be sterile, absent or rare. It is usually the heterogametic sex (e.g. Males(XY)) Drosophila
The observation that portions of the genomes of hybridizing taxa introgress, because they are neutral or positively selected for, whereas others are selected against and thus do not introgress.
62)
Mode of asexual reproduction where the presence of sperm from a related bisexual species is required to stimulate egg development-offspring clone of mother
Caused not only by a single barrier, but a series of processes, each only participating slightly to whatever level of isolation is present
Modern humans are a new species that replaced all archaic populations
Modern humans are present manifestation of an older worldwide species with populations connected by gene flow
That cannot complete its life cycle without exploiting a suitable host
Chromosomes have a large arm and a small arm, the rearrangement is when two large arms bind together, creating a very large and a very small chromosome
The only reproduction possible for an organism is parthenetic-some Daphnia are obligate and only produce eggs that are diploid and genetically identical to mother
Microspecies are plant populations which reproduce mainly if not exclusively by uniparental methods, are morphologically uniform, occupy a definite geographical area and are differentiated morphologically from related species and microspecies and possess a hybrid constitution-clonal microspecies reproduce by various means of vegetative propagation
Umerous hybridization events have resulted in a series fo ancestral/diploid and derivative/allopolyploid taxa
ex: ferns
Characters specific to only a particular species.
Process in which natural hybridization results in the production of an evolutionary lineage that is at least partially reproductively isolated from both parental lineages, and which demonstrates a distinct evolutionary and ecological trajectory
Cytoplasmic elements might be expected to introgress at a much higher frequency than elements of the nuclear genome