Viewing All Flashcards for Biology Test 1
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1)
Tendency for molecules of any substance to spread out into the available space
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane - diffusion of the solvent waterhypertonic:solution has a higher concentrationhypotonic:solution has a lower concentrationisotonic:solution has an equal concentration
-plants have strong, rigid cell walls-plant cells require a hypotonic environment (which keeps cell walls turgid)~WATER COMING IN
Passive: the diffusion of a substance across a membrane w/o the input of energyactive: requires energy to move molecules across a membrane ( the pumping of molecules across membranes)
Osmoregulation
-animal DO NOT have cell walls-the cell membrane alone may not be strong enough to prevent the cell from rupturing-most animal cells require and isotonic environment
7)
The secretion of large molecules from w/in vesicles
8)
Takes material into a cell w/in vesicles that bud inward from the plasma membrane
-phagocytosis: (cellular eating) a cell engulfs a particle and packages it w/in a food vacuole.-pinocytosis: (cellular drinking) a cell "gulps" droplets of fluid by forming tiny vessicles-receptor-mediated endocytosis: a cell takes in very specific molecules based upon receptor proteins in the membrane that bind the molecules to be included in the vessicle
Working cells must control the flow of materials to and from the environment -do this w/ their membranes -essential boundary of life (membranes) -phospholipid layer is a barrier blocking easy movement of polar molecules and large moleculesmembrane proteins perform many functions -cell-cell recognition and identification -cell attachment -support of cell shape and movement -enzymatic activity -cell signaling -transport of substances
Absorbing heat in warm environments and releasing heat in cold environments(ice=less dense)
-enzyme inhibitors are molecules that can disrupt metabolic reactions by binding to enzymes, either at the active site or elsewhere-active site fits to substrate, the enzyme changes shape slightly-this interaction is induced fit
13)
Specific stretch of DNA
RNA-single strandedDNA- usually exists as a double-helixRNA- uses (U) instead of (T)
Carbohydrates: dietry energy; storage;plant structurelipids: long-term energy storage (fats); hormones (steriods)Proteins: enzymes, structure, storage, contraction, transport, and othersNucleic Acids: information storage
Heat: amount of energy associated with movement of atoms and molecules in body of waterTemperature: measures intensity of heat
Cohesion( water molecules stick together as a result of hydrogen bonding)
Nucleic acids are polymers3 parts--a five carbon sugar-phosphate group-nitrogenous base
19)
Double sugarformed by a dyhdration reactioncostructed from 2 monosacharides linked covaently
-ATP energizes other molecules by transferring phosphate groups-transferring most energy associated w/ that 3rd phosphate as it is attached to some other molecule-THIS ENERGY(the phosphate transferring) HELPS CELL PERFORM MECHANICAL, TRANSPORT, AND CHEMICAL WORK
21)
-total of all chemical reactions in an organism-most metabolic reactions require the assistance of enzymes proteins that speed up chemical reactions
DissolvING agent-solventdissolvED substance- solute
Reactants- starting materialProducts- end material
Lipids (fats)carbohydratesproteinsnucleic acids
25)
ATP-adenosine triphosphate-consists of adenosine plus a tail of 3 phosphate groups-broken down to ADP and a phosphate group, releasing energyAdenosine--P--P--P-->adenosine--P--P+P-triphos.-diphos.
-energy-phosphate(transferred to another molecule)
26)
-complex carbohydrate-made of long chains of sugar units and polymers of monosaccharides-perform 3 general functions -energy storage -structure -identification
27)
Molecule with opposite charges on opposite ends
Hydrocarbons- they are molecules containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms
Ionic and covalent
B. Carbohydrate
An enzyme lowers the activation energy-enzymes reduce energy barrier
32)
Charged atoms
33)
Hydrophobic
1st shell: 22nd shell: 8
Carbon-based molecules
ElectronsNeutrons
37)
-fats w/o the max # of hydrogens becuz of double bonds between some carbons- trans fats & saturated fats- fats built fromomega-3 fatty acids
38)
When two atoms share one or more pairs of outer shell electrons
(ca abbreviation) the amount of energy that raises the temperature of one gram of water by 1 degree celcius-food calories are kilo calories (abbrev. Ca)-equal to 1,000-energy of ca in food is burned off by many activities
40)
Composed of:Proton(in the nucleus)...+ chargedElectron(orbiting the nucleus)... - charged Neutron(in the nucleus)...electrically neutral
Both are lipids, which are hydrophobic
Substances that cannot be broken down into other substances
ATP transfers a phosphate group to another molecule, increasing that molecules energy content-chemical energy in food is released by the breakdown of organic molecules during cellular respiration-used to generate molecules of ATP-acts like energy shuttle, captures and transfers energy obtained from food, releases it a sort time later as needed
(A) Adenine(G) Guanine(T) Thymine(C) Cytosine
Consists of elements and compounds; occupies space and has mass3 physical states:1.solid2.liquid3.gas
RNA & DNA
Two(2)four (4)
2covalent bondselectrons
Different arrangements of atoms affect molecular shapes and properties
51)
Gradual release of energy reduces energy loss and makes living things more efficient that machines in energy coversions
The cytoskelton serves as an anchor onto which organelles can attach and also provides tracks along which organelles can move.
Conservation of energy-energy cannot be created of destroyed-this principle is also known as the first law of thermodynamics
Monosaccharidesexamples: glucose & fructose
A process that converts the chemical energy of sugars and other food molecules to chemical energy in the form of ATP
57)
Samll simple sugars that cannot be broken down by hydrolysis into smaller groups
Heat energy-every conversion releases some randomized energy is lost into the surrounding environment-energy always tends to dissipate, moving through from areas of high energy content to areas of lower energy content
Nucleus, ribosome, transport vesicle, Golgi apparatus, plasma membrane
Amino acids
It has lost its necessary shape
- links 2 monomers together- removes a molecule of water- this is NOT simply drying or dehydration
-energy-enzymes-the plasma membrane
It inhibits an enzyme that certain bacteria use to make cell walls
Primary structure: (sequence of amino acids)Secondary structure: (localized folding)Tetiary structure: ( overall shape) Quaternary structure: (found in proteins w/ multiple poly peticles)
- breaks bonds between monomers- adds a molecule of water-reverses the dehydration reaction
If the iysosomes lack an enzyme needed to break own the compound, the cell will accumulate an excess of that compound.
68)
Sugars or sugar polymers
Ribosomes attached to the membrane
70)
-it is a term used as a measure of disorder or randomness-all energy conversions increase the "entropy" of the universe-another aspect of second law of thermodynamics
-energy-releasing chemical breakdown of fuel molecules that provides energy for cells to do work
Golgi receives protein from the ER via vesicles, finishes processing the proteins, and then dispatches them in vesicles.
73)
-used by animal cells to store energy-converted to glucose when it is needed-its chains of glucose contain many branches
Chemical energy harvested from sugars and other organic fuels via cellular respiration
75)
-a familiar example of polysaccharide-used by plant cells to store energy-its chains of glucose are linear & unbranched
A molecule of MRNA carries the genetic message from a gene(DNA) to ribosomes that translate it into protein.
Molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structures
Energy is defined as the capacity to perform work-kinetic energy: energy in motion-potential energy: stored energy---molecules store varying amounts of potential energy in the arrangement of their atoms-chemical energy: covalent bonds between atoms of similar attraction for electrons---atoms w/ NONPOLAR BONDS contain more energy between atoms---molecules w/ more C-C, C-H bonds, and fewer C-O, O-H bonds contain more potential energy
Carbon based molecule
-mostly water -rest of cell consists of carbon-based molecules
Protein synthesis
Chromosomes are made of Chromatin, which is a combination of DNA & proteins
The substance and the enzyme's active site are complementary in shape and chemistry
Potential
Decreasing activation energy
Phospholipids
Proteins
Hydrogen
Hydrogen
The diffusion of water
The diffusion of water
The diffusion of water
A car demonstrates order, regulation, energy utilization, and response to the environment. But a car does not grow, reproduce, or evolve
Not all living organisms are composed of MULTIPLE cells
Atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organism, population, ecosystem, and biosphere.
Atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organism, population, ecosystem, and biosphere.
-is the idea that cells are the basic unit of life-most unifying principles of biology
It is simple, small, and lacking membrane - bounded organelles, suh as nucleus-doesn't have nucleus-DNA that is not organized into chromosomes-Bacteria have prokaryotic cells
-more complex structure-larger-nucleus enclosed by membrane-contains many type of organelles-plants, animals, and fungi are composed of eukaryotic cells
Bacteria, archaea, and eukarya-distinguished by how they obtain food
A latin verb meaning "to know"-science developed from curiosity about themselves and the world around them
-verifiable observations and measurements are the data of discovery science-enables us to describe life at it's many levels-based on phenomena, unplanned
Consists of a series of steps that allows a hypothesis to be testedobservation-->question-->hypothesis-->prediction-->experiment-revise and repeat the three highlighted
Hypothesis-driven science-scientists formulate a hypothesis (tentative explanation) to explain the natural world
An inductive conclusion is a generalization that summarizes many concurrent observations-proposes and explanation for the observation*deductive reasoning takes the "if...then" logic
-much broader in scope than a hypothesis-only become widely accepted in science if they are supported by an accumulation of extensive and varied evidence
A cellcells are:-lowest level of structure that can perform all activities required for life-all organisms are composed by cells-cells come from pre-existing cells-two major types: prokaryotic and eukaryotic
Bacteria archaea eukarya
114)
Entire book of genetic instructions that an organism inherits
115)
The scientific study of life
116)
Order, regulation, growth and development, energy utilization, response to the environment, reproduction and evolution
Centrioles, flagellum, lysosomes
Chloroplasts, a central vacuole, and a cell wall
There is no membrane enclosing the prokaryotic nucleiod region
TRUE-every way besides the whiplike motion
123)
Both aid in movementc: move in a coordinated back and forth motionf: propel the cell in a whiplike motion
MITO:-sites of cellular respiration-envelope of two membranes1-outer smooth2-inner membrane, numerous in foldings called cristeaCHLORO:-organelles performing photosynthesis-3 parts1)space between 2 membranes2)fluid w/in chloro (inner chloroplast)(stroma)3)grana (stacks)
Plant--> chloroplast and mitochondriahuman--> mitochondria
Straight, hollow microtubes are an important component of the cytoskeleton an organelle that gives support to and maintains the shape of cells
128)
Expel water from certain freshwater protists and the large, multifunctional central vacuoles of plant cells-storage-contractile vacuoles--> water leaks into then it pumps out excess water-central vacuole--> store nutrients, absorb water
129)
Sacs containing digestive enzyes, aid digestion and recycling w/in the cell-break down large molecules
130)
Receives, refines certain ER products packages then in transport vesicles targeted for other organelles or export from the cell(receives, refines, stores, and distributes)
ER consists of membrane-enclosed tubes and sacs w/in the cytoplasm-Rough ER: attached to its surface, makes membrane and secretory proteins-Smooth ER: lipid synthesis and detoxification
Genetic messages-->transmitted to the ribosomes via RNA, then it travels from nucleus to cytoplasm
133)
Produce proteins in the cytoplasm
Single celled, such as most prokaryotes and protistsmulti celled, plans, animals, most fungi
PROKARYOTIC:-smaller-simpler-most don't have organelles-found in bacteria and archaeaEUKARYOTIC:-larger-more complex-have organelles-found in protists, plants, fungi, animals