Viewing All Flashcards for Bio Miderm #1
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Over many generations of self-polinnation, had produced only the same variety as the parent plant
The mating or crossing of two truebreeding varieties
States that the two alleles for a heritable character segregate (separate from each other) during gamete formation and end up in different gametes
1: alternative versions of genes account for variations in inherited characters2: for each character, an organism inherits two copies of a gene, one from each parents3: if the two alleles at a locus differ, then one, the dominant allele, determines the organism's appearance, the other, the recessive allele, has no noticeable effect on the organisms appearance4:the law of segregation
1: alternative versions of genes account for variations in inherited characters2: for each character, an organism inherits two copies of a gene, one from each parents3: if the two alleles at a locus differ, then one, the dominant allele, determines the organism's appearance, the other, the recessive allele, has no noticeable effect on the organisms appearance4:the law of segregation
6)
Each gene is a sequence of nucleotides at a specific place, or locuz, along a particular chromosome
7)
Each gene is a sequence of nucleotides at a specific place, or locuz, along a particular chromosome
8)
Meaning that they were heterozygous for the one particular character being followed in the cross
9)
Individuals heterozygous for the two characters being followed in the cross (YyRr)
Each pair of alleles segregates independently of each other pair of alleles during gamete formationthis law applies only to genes (allele pairs) located on different chromosomes- this is, on chromosomes that are not homolgous- or very far apart on the same chromosome
Each pair of alleles segregates independently of each other pair of alleles during gamete formationthis law applies only to genes (allele pairs) located on different chromosomes- this is, on chromosomes that are not homolgous- or very far apart on the same chromosome
States that to determine this probability, we multiply that probability of one event by the probability of the other event
13)
The probability that any one of two or more mutually exculsive events will occur is calculated by adding their individual probabilities
In mendels plassic pea crosses, the f1 offspring always looked like one of the two parental varieties because one allele in a pair which showed this
A phenotype somewhere inbetween those of the two parental varietesex) dragon flowers
16)
Another variation on dominance relationshops between alleles is thisin this variation the two alleles each affect the phenotype in seperate, distinguishable ways
The brain cells of a child with this disease cannot metabolize certain lipids because a crucial enzyme does not work properlythe child suffers seizures, blindness, and degeneration of motor and mental performance and dies with in a few yearsheterozygotes have small side effects
The brain cells of a child with this disease cannot metabolize certain lipids because a crucial enzyme does not work properlythe child suffers seizures, blindness, and degeneration of motor and mental performance and dies with in a few yearsheterozygotes have small side effects
The brain cells of a child with this disease cannot metabolize certain lipids because a crucial enzyme does not work properlythe child suffers seizures, blindness, and degeneration of motor and mental performance and dies with in a few yearsheterozygotes have small side effects
20)
Have multiple phenotypic effectsfor example- pleitropic alleles are responsible for the multiple symptoms associated with certain hereditary disease, such as cystic fibrosis and sickle-cell disease
21)
The phenotypic expression of a gene at one locus alters that of a gene at a second locusex- labs
Such as human skin color and height, either-or classification is impossible because the characters vary in popuation in gradations along a continuum
Such as human skin color and height, either-or classification is impossible because the characters vary in popuation in gradations along a continuum
An additive effects of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character (the converse of pleiotropy, where a single gene affects several phenotypic characters)
25)
A genotype generally is not associated with a rigidly defined phenotype, but rather with a range of phenotypic possibilites due to environmental influences
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A genotype generally is not associated with a rigidly defined phenotype, but rather with a range of phenotypic possibilites due to environmental influences
27)
Meaning that many factors, both genetic and enviromental, collectively influence phenotype
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Meaning that many factors, both genetic and enviromental, collectively influence phenotype
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Meaning that many factors, both genetic and enviromental, collectively influence phenotype
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They do so collecting information about a families history for a particular trait and assembling this information into a family tree descrbing the traits of parents and children across the generations
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They do so collecting information about a families history for a particular trait and assembling this information into a family tree descrbing the traits of parents and children across the generations
32)
The normal allele for this gene codes for a membrane protein that functions in the transport of chloride ions between certain cells and the extracellar fluid. these channels are defective or absent in the plasma membrane
Caused by the substiution of a single amino acid in the hemoglobin protein of red blood cells; in homozygous individuals, all hemoglobin is of the sickle- cell (abnormal) varietyheterozygotes are usually healthy but they may suffer some reduced blood oxygencodominance
Caused by the substiution of a single amino acid in the hemoglobin protein of red blood cells; in homozygous individuals, all hemoglobin is of the sickle- cell (abnormal) varietyheterozygotes are usually healthy but they may suffer some reduced blood oxygencodominance
Caused by the substiution of a single amino acid in the hemoglobin protein of red blood cells; in homozygous individuals, all hemoglobin is of the sickle- cell (abnormal) varietyheterozygotes are usually healthy but they may suffer some reduced blood oxygencodominance
Caused by the substiution of a single amino acid in the hemoglobin protein of red blood cells; in homozygous individuals, all hemoglobin is of the sickle- cell (abnormal) varietyheterozygotes are usually healthy but they may suffer some reduced blood oxygencodominance
Dwarfishhuntingtons disease
Dwarfishhuntingtons disease
Dwarfishhuntingtons disease
Dwarfishhuntingtons disease
Dwarfishhuntingtons disease
Dwarfishhuntingtons disease
A degenerative disease of the nervous system, is caused by a lethal dominant allele that has no obvious phenotypic effect until the individual is about 35 to 34
44)
Tests performed along with a techniquecan determine whether the developing fetus
A physician insects a narrow tube through the cerviz into the uterus and suctions out a tiny sample of tissue from from the placenta, the organ that transmits nutrients and fetal wastes between the fetus and the mother
Mendelian genes have specific loci (positions) along chromosomes, and it is the chromosomes that undergo segregation and intependent assortment
Mendelian genes have specific loci (positions) along chromosomes, and it is the chromosomes that undergo segregation and intependent assortment
Mendelian genes have specific loci (positions) along chromosomes, and it is the chromosomes that undergo segregation and intependent assortment
Mendelian genes have specific loci (positions) along chromosomes, and it is the chromosomes that undergo segregation and intependent assortment
50)
When a gene is a sex linked trait and is not calledheterozygous or homozygous
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When a gene is a sex linked trait and is not calledheterozygous or homozygous
Characterized by a progressive weakening of the muscles and loss of coordinance (sex linked)
Characterized by a progressive weakening of the muscles and loss of coordinance (sex linked)
54)
An X-linked recessive disorder defined by the absence of one or more of the proteins required for blood clotting
55)
The inactive x in each cell of female condences into a compact object called a Barrr body which lies along the inside of the nuclear envelopethis happens when the DNA and the histone proteins bound to it, including attachment of methyl groups to one of the nitrogenous nases of DNA nucleotidesbecomes active only only on the chromosome that ill become the BARR body
56)
Inherited together in genetic crosses
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Inherited together in genetic crosses
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Inherited together in genetic crosses
The production of offspring with combinations of traits that differ from those found in either parent
60)
Subsequent experiments demonstrated that this process, now called crossing over, accounts for the recombination of linked genes
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Subsequent experiments demonstrated that this process, now called crossing over, accounts for the recombination of linked genes
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An ordered list of the genetic loci along a particular chromosome
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A genetic map based on recombination frequencies
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A genetic map based on recombination frequencies
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A genetic map based on recombination frequencies
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Of chromosomes, which locate genes with respect to chromosomal features, such as stained bands
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Of chromosomes, which locate genes with respect to chromosomal features, such as stained bands
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Of chromosomes, which locate genes with respect to chromosomal features, such as stained bands
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Of chromosomes, which locate genes with respect to chromosomal features, such as stained bands
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Of chromosomes, which locate genes with respect to chromosomal features, such as stained bands
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In which the memers of a pair of homologous chromosomes do not move apart propberly during meiosis I or sister chromatids fail to seperate during meiosis II
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If either of the aberrant gametes unites with a normal one at fertilization, the zygote will also have an abnormal number of a particular chromosome
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Fertilization involoving a gamete that has no copy of a particular chromosome will lead to a missing chromosome in the zygotedown syndrome is an example of trisomy
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Some organisms have more than two complete chromsome sets in all somatic cells.
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Some organisms have more than two complete chromsome sets in all somatic cells.
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The delted fragment may become attached as an extra segment to a sister chromatid
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The delted fragment may become attached as an extra segment to a sister chromatid
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The fragment to join a nonhomologous chromosome
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The fragment to join a nonhomologous chromosome
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People with this disorder, called Klinefelter synroms, have male sex organs, but the testes are abnormally small and the man is sterilesometime taller than average
86)
Females who are slightly taller andn are at risk of learning disabilities
Female, but sterile because their sex organs do not mature
Female, but sterile because their sex organs do not mature
Variations in phenotype depending on whether an allele is inherited from the male or female parent
Not all of a eurkaryotic cells genes are located on nuclear chromosome, or even in the nucleus; some genes are located in organelles in the cytoplamsdo not display mendelian inheritanceex0 mitochondrial myopathy- causes weakness, intolerance of exercis, and muscle deteriorationlebers hereditart- cna produce sudden blindness in people as young as their 20s or 30s
91)
A descent with modificationor a change in the genetic composistion or a population from generation to generationpatern of evolution- change is revealed by data from a range of scientific disciplines, including biology, geology, physics, and chemistry
92)
A descent with modificationor a change in the genetic composistion or a population from generation to generationpatern of evolution- change is revealed by data from a range of scientific disciplines, including biology, geology, physics, and chemistryprocess of evolution- consists of the mechanisms that produce the observed pattern of change
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Concluded that life-forms could be arranged on a ladder, or scale, of increasing complexity, later called scala naturae
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Developed the two-part, or binomial, format for naming species that is still used today
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New layers of sediment cover older ones and comprss them into superimposed layers of rock
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The study of fossils
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The study of fossils
States that mechanisms of change are constant over time
States that mechanisms of change are constant over time
Use and disuse- the idea that parts of the body that are used extensively become larger and stronger, while those that are nor used deteriorateinheritance of aquired characteristics- stated that an organism could pass these modifications to its offspring
Use and disuse- the idea that parts of the body that are used extensively become larger and stronger, while those that are nor used deteriorateinheritance of aquired characteristics- stated that an organism could pass these modifications to its offspring
102)
Inherited characteristcs of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction in specific enviroments
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A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits
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A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits
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A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits
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Inherited characteristcs of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction in specific enviroments
Inference #1 Individuals whose inherited traits give them a higher probability of surviving and reproducing in a given environment tent to leave more offspring than other individuals Inference #2 this unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to the accumlation of favorable traits in the population over generations
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Natural selection is a process in which individuals that have certain heritable traits survive and reproduce at a higher rate than other individuals because of those traitsover time, natural selection can increase the match between organisms and their evironmentif an environment changes, or if individuals move to a new environemtn, natural selection may result in adaption to these new conditions, sometimes giving rise to new species
109)
Natural selection is a process in which individuals that have certain heritable traits survive and reproduce at a higher rate than other individuals because of those traitsover time, natural selection can increase the match between organisms and their evironmentif an environment changes, or if individuals move to a new environemtn, natural selection may result in adaption to these new conditions, sometimes giving rise to new species
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Similarity resulting from common ancestry
The underlying skeletons of the arms, forelegs, flippers, and wings of different mammals are homologous structures that represent variations on a structual theme that was present in their common ancestor
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Remnants of features that served a function in the organisms ancestors. for instance, the skeletons of some snakes retain vestiges of the pelvis and leg bones of walking ancestors
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The independent evolution of similar features in different lineagesex) flying squirl
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The independent evolution of similar features in different lineagesex) flying squirl
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The independent evolution of similar features in different lineagesex) flying squirl
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In such examples in which species share features because convergent evolution, the resemblance is said the be analogousthese features share similar functions,but not common ancestry, while homologous features share common ancetry, but not necessarily similar functions
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They are found nowhere else in the world
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The geographic distribution of species
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Such as the theory of evolution bu natural selection, accounts for many obervations and explains and integrates a great variety of phenomena
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Change in allele frequencies in a population over generatiosnthere are three main mechanisms that can cause allele frequency change: natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow
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Differences among individuals in the compsition of their genes or other DNA segments
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Differences among individuals in the compsition of their genes or other DNA segments
The average percentage of loci that are heterozygous
126)
Differences in the genetic composistion of seperate popukationshouse mice seperated by mountains on the atlantic islans of madeira
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A graded change in a character along a geographic axis
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For instance, HIV has a generation span of about two days, it also has an RNA genome, which has a much higher mutation reate than a typical DNA genome because of the lack of RNA repair mecahnisms in host cells
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A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring
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A way to characterize a populations genectic makeupconsists of all copies of every type of allele at every locus in all members of the population
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A way to characterize a populations genectic makeupconsists of all copies of every type of allele at every locus in all members of the population
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Chance events can also cause allele frequencies to fluctuate unpredictable from one generation to the next, especially in small populations
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When a few individuals become isolated from a larger population, this smaller group may establish a new population whose gene pool diffes from the source population
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A sever drop in population sizebut even if a population that has passed through a bottleneck ultimately recovers in size, it may have low lvevels of genetic variation from a long period of timegenetic drift during the bottleneck may have led to a loss of genetic variation and an increase in the frequency of harmful alleles
1. genetic drift is significant in smaller populations2. genetic drift can cause allele frequencies to change at randome3. genetic drift can lead to a loss of genetic variation within populations4. genetic drift can cause harmful alleles to become fixed
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The transfer of alleles into or out of a population due to the movement of fertile individuals of their gametes(great tit)
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The transfer of alleles into or out of a population due to the movement of fertile individuals of their gametes(great tit)
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The contribution of individuals makes to the gene pool of the next generation relative to the contributions of other individuals
Occurs when conditions favor individuals exhibiting one extreme of a phenotypic range
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Occurs when conditions favor individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic range over individuas with intermediate phenotypes
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Occurs when conditions favor individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic range over individuas with intermediate phenotypes
Acts against both extreme phenotypes and favors intermediate varients. this mode of selection reduces variation and tends to maintains the status quo for a particular phentypic characterex- birht weights
143)
A form of selection in which individuals with certain inherited charcteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates
144)
Meaning selection within the same sex, individuals of one sex complete directly for mates of the opposite sexsize color ornamentation and behavior
Meaning selection within the same sex, individuals of one sex compete directly for mates of the opposite sex
Meaning selection within the same sex, individuals of one sex compete directly for mates of the opposite sex
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Or mate choice, individuals of one sex (usually the females) are choosy in selection their mates from the other sex
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Or mate choice, individuals of one sex (usually the females) are choosy in selection their mates from the other sex
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Or mate choice, individuals of one sex (usually the females) are choosy in selection their mates from the other sex
150)
Differences in DNA sequence that do not confer a selective avantage or disadvantage