(Florida)- established in 1565- a military outpost that began when a French ship intercepted a Spanish ship- started a new trading of pirating from Spain

(Florida)- military outpost- established in 1698- fell to the French in 1719

(New Mexico)- became a colony in 1609- used as a buffer advances of other European powers- established the encomienda system

(Texas)- established in 1718- leading town in Texas- acted as a barrier against French invasions with other missions

(California)- established as settlements in 1776 and 1781- established in response to Russian advance in the north

- Spanish system of land tenure in their colonies- became serfdom for Native Americans- required to work the land under the supervision of their landlords- farmed, ranched, mined- landlords abused their power/charges and treated the Native Americans poorly- resulted in depopulation of the Native Americans

- replaced the ecomienda- originally a land grant made to nobles to get them to come to the New World- later was an extensive system of land ownership- Native Americans became laborers who worked for the owner of the hacienda- not as harsh as the encomienda