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Questions
Answers
1)
By what process is food moved through the digestive tract?
 
Peristalsis (wave-like contractions of smooth muscle)
2)
What is the only kind of animal that exhibits an intracellular digestion mechanism?
 
A sponge (phylum Porifera)
3)
In what digestive organs do the following processes begin? carbohydrate digestion protein digestion fat digestion begin
 
Carbohydrate digestion - mouthprotein digestion - stomach fat digestion - small intestine (lumen)
4)
How does the structure of villi and microvilli serve their function?
 
The folding of the villi and microvilli increases the absorptive surface area of the small intestine substantially, resulting in more efficient absorption of nutrients.
5)
What organ in the human body serves as both an exocrine gland and an endocrine gland?
 
The pancreas
6)
When is insulin secreted?
 
When blood glucose level rises.
7)
What is the purpose of glucagon?
 
Increases the blood glucose level. (the opposite of insulin)
8)
What is leptin and what is its function?
 
A hormone produced by adipose(fat tissue). It surppresses appetite as its level increases. It increases appetite as its level decreases.
9)
Name the water soluble vitamins?
 
Vitamin B complex and vitamin C
10)
Name the fat soluble vitamins?
 
Vitamin A, D, E, and K
11)
What is Peristalsis?
 
Contraction by smooth muscles in the wall of the canal, which pushes the food along the tract.
12)
Function of sphincters?
 
Ring like valves which close off the tube like drawstrings, regulating the passage of material between chambers of the digestive canal.
13)
Why is saliva important?
 
Saliva contains glycoprotien called mucin which protects the lining of the mouth from abrasion, lubricates food for easier swallowing, helps prevent tooth decay, kills many of the bacteria that enters the mouth and salvary amylase(an enzyme) which hydroliyzes starch and glycogen.
14)
What produces bile and where is it stored?
 
Bile is produced by the liver and stored in the gall bladder.
15)
Where does most of the enzymatic activity of digestion occur?
 
In the duodenum of the small Intestine.
16)
Why does the small intestine has soo many folds?
 
More surface area for absorption of nutrients.
17)
Why do herbivores have larger cecum?
 
It functions as a fermentation chamber where symbiotic bacteria convert the shredded leaves into more nutritious diet. Their feces are more nutritious and they can consume it again.
18)
What is negative feedback?
 
A primary mechanism of homeostasis that monitors physiological changes and triggers a response that counteracts the change.
19)
Where are villi found and what is their function?
 
Found in the small intestine to increase the surface area for the absorption of nutrients.
20)
Small finger-like projections of the small intestine = ?
 
Villi
21)
In vertebrates, most digestive enzymes aree released into which section of the digestive tract?
 
Duodenum (the first section of the small intestine)
22)
The compound that physically breaks down fats.
 
Bile
23)
What organ produces bile and what organ normally sends it to the duodenum?
 
The liver produces bile and sends it to the gall bladder. The gall bladder releases the bile into the duodenum when fats are eaten.
24)
What enzyme chemically digests fats and what gland produces it?
 
Lipase which is produced by the pancreas
25)
What digestive processes occur in the human mouth?
 
Physical digestion by teethchemical digestion of starch only by amylase
26)
The major functions of the vertebrate small intestine
 
Digestion of food into molecular components followed by the absorption of those molecules into the blood stream.
27)
What nutrients are first absorbed into the lymphatic system instead of the bloodstream?
 
The products of fat breakdown
28)
Most nutrients absorbed in the small intestine travel to which organ first?
 
The liver; which then regulates the amount of each nutrient in the blood.
29)
Major functions of the large intestine
 
Absorb waterremoves indigestible materials (feces/wastes) - called defecationhouses some mutualistic bacteria that produce a few vitamins (K,B12)
30)
Which gland releases NaHCO3 (sodium bicarbonate) and why?
 
Pancreas releases it into th duodenum to neutralize acid coming from the stomach
31)
Proteases = ?
 
Enzymes that breakdown proteins
32)
Gall bladder's function
 
Store and release bile
33)
The pancreas releases several digestive enzymes; name them
 
Lipase (fats); amylase (starch); nucleases (nucleic acids); proteases (proteins)
34)
Hepatic portal vein carries blood from the ____ to the ____.
 
Hepatic portal vein carries blood from the _small intestine___ to the_liver___.
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