Chapter 4: Detail View

1)

Organic chemistry is a science based on the study of A) functional groups. B) vital forces interacting with matter. C) carbon compounds. D)water and its interaction with other kinds of molecules. E) inorganic compounds.

C) carbon compounds.

2)

Early 19th-century scientists believed that living organisms differed from nonliving things asa resultof possessing a "life force" that could create organic molecules from inorganic matter. The term given to this belief is A) organic synthesis. B) vitalism. C) mechanism. D) organic evolution. E) inorganic synthesis.

B) vitalism.

3)

The experimental approach taken in current biological investigations presumes that A) simple organic compounds can be synthesized in the laboratory from inorganic precursors,but complex organic compounds like carbohydrates and proteins can only be synthesized byliving organisms. B) a life force ultimately controls the activities of living organisms and this life force cannot bestudied by physical or chemical methods. C) although a life force, or vitalism, exists inliving organisms, this life force cannot be studiedby physical or chemical methods. D) living organisms are composed of the same elements present in nonliving things, plus a fewspecial trace elements found only in living organisms or their products. E)living organisms can be understood in terms of the same physical and chemical laws that canbe used to explain all natural phenomena.

E)living organisms can be understood in terms of the same physical and chemical laws that canbe used to explain all natural phenomena.

4)

One of the following people set up a closed system to mimic Earth's early atmosphere anddischarged electrical sparks through it. A variety of organic compounds common in organismswere formed. Who did this? A) Stanley Miller B) Jakob Berzelius C) Friedrich Wohler D) Hermann Kolbe E) August Kekulé

A) Stanley Miller

5)

Which of the following people was the first to synthesize an organic compound, urea, frominorganic starting materials? A) Stanley Miller B) Jakob Berzelius C) Friedrich Wohler D) Hermann Kolbe E) August Kekulé

C) Friedrich Wohler

6)

Which of the following people's synthesis of this compound (urea) from inorganic starting materialsprovided evidence against vitalism? A) Stanley Miller B) Jakob Berzelius C) Friedrich Wohler D) Hermann Kolbe E) August Kekulé

C) Friedrich Wohler

7)

Which of the following people synthesized an organic compound, acetic acid, from inorganicsubstances that had been prepared directly from pure elements? A) Stanley Miller B) Jakob Berzelius C) Friedrich Wohler D) Hermann Kolbe E)August Kekulé

D) Hermann Kolbe

8)

One of the following people was the first to suggest that organic compounds, those found inliving organisms, were distinctly different from inorganic compounds found in the nonlivingworld. Though this suggestion is now known to be incorrect, it stimulated important researchinto organic compounds. Who suggested this? A) Stanley Miller B) Jakob Berzelius C) Friedrich Wohler D) Hermann Kolbe E) August Kekulé

B) Jakob Berzelius

9)

A carbon atom is most likely to form what kind of bond(s) with other atoms? A) ionic B)hydrogen C) covalent D) A and B only E) A, B, and C

C) covalent

10)

Which of the following statements best describes the carbon atoms present in all organicmolecules? A) They were incorporated into organic molecules by plants. B) They were processed into sugars through photosynthesis. C) They are ultimately derived from carbon dioxide. D) Only A and C are correct. E) A, B, and C are correct.

E) A, B, and C are correct.

11)

Why are hydrocarbons not soluble in water? A) The majority of their bonds are polar covalent carbon-to-hydrogen linkages. B) The majority of their bonds are nonpolar covalent carbon-to-hydrogen linkages. C) They are hydrophilic. D)They exhibit considerable molecular complexity and diversity. E) They are lighter than water.

B) The majority of their bonds are nonpolar covalent carbon-to-hydrogen linkages.

12)

How many structural isomers are possible for a substance having the molecular formula C4H10? A) 1 B) 2 C) 4 D) 3 E) 11

B) 2

13)

Which of the following statements correctly describes geometric isomers? A) They have variations in arrangement around a double bond. B) They have an asymmetric carbon that makesthem mirror images. C) They have the same chemical properties. D) They have different molecular formulas. E) Their atoms and bonds are arranged in different sequences.

A) They have variations in arrangement around a double bond

14)

Research indicates that Ibuprofen, a drug used to relieve inflammation and pain, is a mixtureof two enantiomers; that is, molecules that A) have identical three-dimensional shapes. B) are mirror images of one another. C) lack an asymmetric carbon. D) differ in the location of their double bonds. E) differ in their electrical charge.

B) are mirror images of one another.

15)

Research indicates that Albuterol, a drug used to relax bronchial muscles, improving airflowand thusoffering relief from asthma, consists only of one enantiomer, the R-form. Why is itimportant for this drug to consist of only one enantiomeric form, rather than a mixture ofenantiomers? A) Different enantiomers may have different or opposite physiological effects. B) It is impossible to synthesize mixtures of enantiomers. C) It is much less expensive to synthesize one enantiomer at a time. D) Albuterol is an example of a compound for which only one enantiomer exists. E) Only the R-form of Albuterol has been studied; until more information is available, physicians prefer to use the pure R-form.

A) Different enantiomers may have different or opposite physiological effects.

16)

A compoundcontains hydroxyl groups as its predominant functional group. Which of thefollowing statements is true concerning this compound? A) It lacks an asymmetric carbon, and it is probably a fat or lipid. B) It should dissolve in water. C) It should dissolvein a nonpolar solvent. D) It won't form hydrogen bonds with water. E) It is hydrophobic.

B) It should dissolve in water.

17)

Which is the best description of a carbonyl group? A) an oxygen joined to a carbon by a single covalent bond B) a nitrogen and two hydrogens joined to a carbon by covalent bonds C) a carbon joined to two hydrogens by single covalent bonds D) a sulfur and a hydrogen joined to a carbon by covalent bonds E) a carbon atom joined to an oxygen by adouble covalent bond

E) a carbon atom joined to an oxygen by a double covalent bond

18)

Which of the following contains nitrogen in addition to carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen? A) an alcohol such as ethanol B) a monosaccharide such as glucose C) a steroid such as testosterone D) an amino acid such as glycine E) a hydrocarbon such as benzene

D) an amino acid such as glycine

19)

Which of the following is a false statement concerning amino groups? A) They are basic in pH. B) They are found in amino acids. C) They contain nitrogen. D) They are nonpolar. E) They are components of urea.

D) They are nonpolar.

20)

Which two functional groups are always found in amino acids? A) ketone and aldehyde B) carbonyl andcarboxyl C) carboxyl and amino D) phosphate and sulfhydryl E) hydroxyl and aldehyde

C) carboxyl and amino

21)

Amino acids are acids because they always possess which functional group? A) amino B) carbonyl C) carboxyl D) sulfhydryl E) aldehyde

C) carboxyl

22)

A carbon skeleton is covalently bonded to both an amino group and a carboxyl group. Whenplaced in water it A) would function only as an acidbecause of the carboxyl group. B) would function only as a base because of the amino group. C) would function as neither an acid nor a base. D) would function as both an acid and a base. E) is impossible to determine how it would function.

D) would function as both an acid and a base.

23)

A chemist wishes to make an organic molecule less acidic. Which of the following functionalgroups should be added to the molecule in order to do so? A) carboxyl B) sulfhydryl C) hydroxyl D) amino E) phosphate

D) amino

24)

Which functional groups can act as acids? A) amine and sulfhydryl B) carbonyl and carboxyl C) carboxyl and phosphate D) hydroxyl and aldehyde E) ketone and amino

C) carboxyl and phosphate

25)

Testosterone and estradiol are A) nucleic acids. B) carbohydrates. C) proteins. D) phospholipids. E) steroids.

E) steroids.

26)

Testosterone and estradiol are male and female sex hormones, respectively, in many vertebrates. In what way(s) do these molecules differ from each other? A) Testosterone and estradiol are structural isomers buthave the same molecular formula. B) Testosterone and estradiol are geometric isomers but have the same molecular formula. C) Testosterone and estradiol have different functional groups attached to the same carbonskeleton. D) Testosterone and estradiolhave distinctly different chemical structures, with one includingfour fused rings of carbon atoms, while the other has three rings. E) Testosterone and estradiol are enantiomers of the same organic molecule.

C) Testosterone and estradiol have different functional groups attached to the same carbonskeleton.

27)

Which of the following hydrocarbons has a double bond in its carbon skeleton? A) C3H8 B) C2H6 C) CH4 D) C2H4 E) C2H2

D) C2H4

28)

Which chemical group is most likely to be responsible for an organic molecule behaving as abase? A) hydroxyl B) carbonyl C) carboxyl D) amino E) phosphate

D) amino