Answer: As a response to what he saw as a crisis in faith caused by affluence and secularism, Pope John XXIII convened the Second Vatican Council, known as Vatican II in 1962. The council modernized the liturgy, democratized many church procedures, and at the last session in 1965 renounced church doctrine that condemned the Jewish people as guilty of killing Jesus. It promoted ecumenism, or the mutual cooperation among world's faiths, and outreach to the world different from the old spirit of missionary crusading on behalf of imperialism.